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| Система образования в Эфиопия |
Начальное образование образование
§µ§é§Ö§Ò§ß§í§Û §Ô§à§Õ §Õ§Ý§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ã §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ §á§à §Ú§ð§Ý§î, §Ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ý§Ñ§ä§ß§í§Þ. §¥§Ö§ä§Ú §á§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §ê§Ü§à§Ý§å §Ó §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö 7 §Ý§Ö§ä, §Ñ §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö (§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö) §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ý§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ê§Ö§ã§ä§î §Ý§Ö§ä §Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö 12 §Ý§Ö§ä. §£ §¿§æ§Ú§à§á§Ú§Ú 32% §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ñ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ö §ß§Ö §á§à§ã§Ö§ë§Ñ§ð§ä §ê§Ü§à§Ý§å. §³§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §¿§æ§Ú§à§á§Ú§Ú §á§à-§á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §à§ã§ä§Ñ§×§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§å§Õ§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ä§Ó§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ. §°§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §à§ã§ä§â§à §ï§ä§à §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ô§Õ§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ü§à §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§í §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ü§à §Õ§â§å§Ô §à§ä §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ñ §Ú §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Õ§Ö§ä§î§Þ§Ú §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §Þ§Ñ§Ý§à§à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§Ö§Þ§Ö§Û, §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §ß§Ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ.
Средний образование
§°§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Û §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Û §ã§ä§å§á§Ö§ß§Ú §Õ§Ý§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¿§ä§Ñ §ã§ä§å§á§Ö§ß§î §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Û §ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §¬§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Þ§ã§ñ 13 - 16 §Ý§Ö§ä. §°§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ï§æ§Ú§à§á§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §à§Ò §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Þ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §Õ§Ñ§×§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§ä§î §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§â§ê§Ö§Û §ã§ä§å§á§Ö§ß§Ú §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ.
Среднее образование образование
§°§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§â§ê§Ö§Û §ã§ä§å§á§Ö§ß§Ú §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö 17 §Ý§Ö§ä §Ú §Õ§Ý§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ó§Ñ §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §±§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ó§Ñ §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ú§Ý§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú. §±§à §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §ã§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §ï§Ü§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§í §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§æ§Ú§à§á§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §à§Ò §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §ê§Ü§à§Ý§í, §Ñ §Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ ¡ª §Ó§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ï§Ü§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß §Ó §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ú§Ö §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¿§æ§Ú§à§á§Ú§Ú. §¯§Ñ §Ú§ä§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§Þ §ï§Ü§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§à §ã§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §á§ñ§ä§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§à§Ó.
Профессиональное образование
§´§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð 2 §Ú§Ý§Ú 3 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §á§à §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ: §á§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ô§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ, §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§Ö§â§è§Ú§ñ, §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú, §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ú §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ. §±§à §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ñ§ð§ä §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ §à §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ú §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ü§Ö §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ §á§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ô§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ø§Ñ. §±§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ö §Õ§Ñ§×§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ú§Ö §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§à §ß§Ñ §ä§â§å§Õ§à§å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à.
Высшее образование образование
§£§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§í §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ (§à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ô§à§Õ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §á§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ô§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ø§Ö), §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ/§Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ (§Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ/§Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ - 2 §Ú§Ý§Ú 3 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ú§ß§Ø§Ö§ß§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §Ú §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ú§ä§å§ä§Ñ§ç, §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§Ö§â§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç, §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ø§Ñ§ç), §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ §á§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ô§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ø§Ñ, §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ä§â§Ú §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.
§¥§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Û §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú, §Ú§Ý§Ú §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ó§â§Ñ, §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§Þ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ô§å§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§Ñ§â§ß§í§ç/§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§å§Ü/§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§ñ§ä§î §Ý§Ö§ä ¡ª §á§à §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§Þ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §æ§Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú/§Ú§ß§Ø§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ú§Ú/§Ñ§â§ç§Ú§ä§Ö§Ü§ä§å§â§í/§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ê§Ö§ã§ä§î §Ý§Ö§ä ¡ª §á§à §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§Þ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ß§í/§Ó§Ö§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§â§Ú§Ú. §£§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§î §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§î §Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ, §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ò§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ó§â§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ñ §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ó§Ñ §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §à §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú / §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§í §à §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §ä§â§Ú §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í. §¥§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§à§Ü§ä§à§â§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§ä §ä§â§×§ç §Õ§à §á§ñ§ä§Ú §Ý§Ö§ä §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í.
§±§à §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §®§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ó 2000/2001 §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§à§Þ §Ô§à§Õ§å §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §ã§ä§å§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ó§â§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ñ §Ó §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ§ç §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§à 34 000. §¬ 2007/2008 §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§à§Þ§å §Ô§à§Õ§å §à§ß§à §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §Õ§à 125 000, §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ú §á§à§é§ä§Ú 30% §ã§ä§å§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §Ò§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ó§â§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ñ §Ú 10% §ã§ä§å§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ. §¬§à§ß§ä§â§à§Ý§î §Ù§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ú§Þ§Ú §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §¡§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§à §Ñ§Ü§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ (HERQA). §³§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Þ §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§à§Þ §¿§æ§Ú§à§á§Ú§Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §µ§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §¡§Õ§Õ§Ú§ã-§¡§Ò§Ö§Ò§í, §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ó 1940 §Ô§à§Õ§å. §³§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §Ó §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 22 §æ§Ö§Õ§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§à§Ó, §Ñ §Ó §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§î §Ö§ë§× §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§î.