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| Система образования в Германия |
Начальное образование образование
§£ §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö 3 - 5 §Ý§Ö§ä §á§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Õ§à§Ò§â§à§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§à §á§à§ã§Ö§ë§Ñ§ð§ä §Õ§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§Ñ§Õ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ú§Þ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ. §©§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ §à§ß§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ü §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ó "Grundschule", §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§ä 4 §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ §Ú §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§à 10 §Ý§Ö§ä. §£ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§í §à§è§Ö§ß§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §å§ã§á§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú, §à§ä§Ù§í§Ó§à§Ó §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ú §Ò§Ö§ã§Ö§Õ §â§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û / §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Ú§ç §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §á§à 1 §Ú§Ù 3 §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ó§Ö§Õ§å§ë§Ú§ç §Ü 3 §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Þ §ä§Ú§á§Ñ§Þ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§ç §ê§Ü§à§Ý, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ.Среднее образование образование
§³§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ, §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ (§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à §á§à §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ä§â§Ö§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Ö). §±§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§í:
- Hauptschule , §Ü§à§ä§à§â§å§ð §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Û §ê§Ü§à§Ý§à§Û §ã §ã§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ü§å§â§ã§à§Þ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §â§Ñ§ã§ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ 5 - 6 §Ý§Ö§ä. §°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Ö §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §å§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ü§Ö §Ü §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Ú, §ç§à§ä§ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ô§Ö§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ, §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü, §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ, §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ú §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§ß§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü. §±§à §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §á§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §å§é§Ú§Ý§Ú§ë§Ö, §Ô§Õ§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§à 18 §Ý§Ö§ä.
- Realschule , §Ü§à§ä§à§â§å§ð §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ú§ß§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Û §ê§Ü§à§Ý§à§Û, §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§í §ã 5 - 10. §¿§ä§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§Ö§ç, §Ü§ä§à §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ò§Ö §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ó §Ò§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ã§Ö. §±§à§Þ§Ú§Þ§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§à§Ó, §á§â§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ó Hauptschule, §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ò§å§ç§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ö§â§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §å§é§Ö§ä, §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§í§Ü§Ú, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ñ §ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§à§Ó, §ã§ä§Ö§ß§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Û §Ú§ß§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü.
- Gymnasium , §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§â§ê§Ö§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ö §Ó §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§à§ñ§Ù§í§é§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã 5 §á§à 13 §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã. §¦§Ö §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§à§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ö. §¯§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §á§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ä§î §Ó Gesamtschule. §©§Õ§Ö§ã§î §Õ§à§Þ§Ñ§ê§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§á§à§Ý§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ô§Ú§Ò§Ü§Ú§Û §Ó§í§Ò§à§â §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ü§å§â§ã§à§Ó.
Профессиональное образование
§±§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó Berufsschulen §Ú§Ý§Ú §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ§ç §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ. §©§Õ§Ö§ã§î §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä 2- §Ú§Ý§Ú 3-§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §Ü §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §¬ §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ §à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä§ã§ñ Fachoberschule (§Ó§í§ã§ê§Ú§Ö §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ê§Ü§à§Ý§í) §Ú Berufsaufbauschule (§ê§Ü§à§Ý§í §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú). §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §ã§Õ§Ñ§é§Ú §Ó§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ï§Ü§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ, §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü Fachhochschulreife, §à§ä§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§ä§î §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Þ §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ø§Ö.Высшее образование образование
§£ §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 314 §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ú§ç §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û (§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §ã§ä§å§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 6 000), §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö 81 §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ú §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä, 7 §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§á§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§à§Ó, 8 §á§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ô§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ø§Ö§Û, 17 §Õ§å§ç§à§Ó§ß§í§ç §ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§â§Ú§Û, 126 §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ø§Ö§Û §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ú. §±§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Û §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ 7 §Ý§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §ã§â§à§Ü§Ö §Ó 5 §Ý§Ö§ä. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ö§Ö §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§ä§î §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §á§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§ß§å§ä§í§Þ §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§Þ §Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í §Ú §Õ§à§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ§ß§ä§å§â§í.